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A niche is the position or function of an organism in a community of plants and animals.

1) The feeding relationships among plants and animals and among various animals in a biotic community is called a:
A) biomass.
B) food web.
C) trophic level.
D) niche.
E) symbiosis
2) Which of the following is NOT a consumer?
A) an oak tree
B) a fish
C) a deer
D) a clam
E) an insect

1 Answer:
Populations of rabbits usually are counted by marking with
a. paint.
b. transmitters.
c. ear tags.
d. leg bands.
2 Answer:
A prey population usually decreases as a predator population
a. increases.
b. decreases.
c. emigrates.
d. stays the same.
3 Answer:
Food chains connected together are called
a. competitors.
b. a food web.
c. populations.
d. communities.
4 Answer:
A population might be increasing because the
a. birth rate is decreasing.
b. death rate is decreasing.
c. birth rate is increasing.
d. both b and c.
5 Answer:
Which of the following is not a limiting factor?
a. nutrients
b. emigration
c. water
d. space
6 Answer:
Predator-prey relationships
a. are limiting factors.
b. affect both plants and animals.
c. affect only prey populations.
d. affect only predator populations.
7 Answer:
The second link in a food chain could be a
a. dog.
b. cow.
c. tree.
d. owl.
8 Answer:
Food is made in a community by
a. all consumers.
b. decomposers.
c. both a and b.
d. producers.
9 Answer:
The job of an organism in a community is called
a. limiting factors.
b. a habitat.
c. a niche.
d. competition.
10 Answer:
Which of the following causes an increase in population size?
a. limiting factor
b. emigration
c. immigration
d. competition
11 Answer:
Limiting factors keep populations from
a. starving.
b. emigrating.
c. increasing.
d. decreasing.

Question 6
The many amazing chemicals produced by plants and animals, that humans have found uses for as medicines, were produced by these organisms as _____.
for no good reason that anyone can find
helpful aids to human health
defenses against competitors or predators
Question 7
When a food supply is subdivided to create two different realized niches, this is an example of _____.
symbiosis
competitive exclusion
a density-independent effect
resource partitioning
8
Competition is _____.
good for both the winner and loser
deterimental to both species involved
bad for the loser but good for the winner
Question 9
Which relationship is sometimes considered a special type of predation where the predator typically does not kill its victim?
competition
commensalism
parasitism
mutualism
Question 10
When an organism kills another organism in order to gain a food supply, the organism doing the eating is called a _____.
host
predator
parasite
prey
Question 11
When predators are removed from an ecosystem, what is the typical result?
biodiversity in prey species increases
there is no significant change
biodiversity in prey species decreases
Question 12
A predictable and orderly change in an ecosystem, where one community is replaced by another that is more complex, is called _____.
succession
commensalism
competitive exclusion
endosymbiosis
Question 13
Some ants are “aphid ranchers”. The ants feed on the aphid’s sugary excretions, and the ants will carry the aphids to new plants so that the aphids always have a food supply. This is an example of a _____.
commensalism
predation
parasitism
mutualism

Thermal Energy: Random kinetic energy possessed by objects in a material at finite temperature.
Photosynthesis: The process by which plants and other photoautotroph generate carbohydrates and oxygen from carbon dioxide, water, and light energy in chloroplasts
Producer: A producer is anything that can make its own food, like plants. Producers are usually the start of the food chain.
Cellular Respiration: The series of metabolic processes by which living cells produce energy through the oxidation of organic substances.
Consumer: animals or plants that cannot make their own food. They must eat or consume plants and animals for food
Ecological Niche: a term describing the relational position of a species or population in its ecosystem to each other
Food Chain: A succession of organisms in an ecological community that constitutes a continuation of food energy from one organism to another as each consumes a lower member and in turn is preyed upon by a higher member.
Trophic Level: A group of organisms that occupy the same position in a food chain.
Food Web: A complex of interrelated food chains in an ecological community
Ecological pyramid: A pyramid-shaped diagram representing quantitatively the numbers of organisms, energy relationships, and biomass of an ecosystem; numbers are high for the lowest trophic levels (plants) and low for the highest trophic level (carnivores).
Biomass: The total mass of living matter within a given unit of environmental area
Biogeochemical Cycle: The chemical interactions that exist between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere.
Water Cycle: The cycle of evaporation and condensation that controls the distribution of the earth’s water as it evaporates from bodies of water, condenses, precipitates, and returns to those bodies of water. Also called hydrologic cycle.
Carbon Cycle: The combined processes, including photosynthesis, decomposition, and respiration, by which carbon as a component of various compounds cycles between its major reservoirs-the atmosphere, oceans, and living organisms.
Nitrogen Cycle: A chain of thermonuclear reactions in which nitrogen isotopes are formed in intermediate stages and carbon acts essentially as a catalyst to convert four hydrogen atoms into one helium atom with the emission of two positrons. The entire sequence is thought to generate significant amounts of energy in the sun and certain other stars
Limiting Factors: The success of an organism is limited by the presence or absence of the factors necessary for survival. Often growth of a population is limited by an apparently minor factor in the environment, such as the presence of trace elements in the soil.
Tolerance Range: each ecosystems population’s ability to adjust to variations in its physical and chemical environment
Carrying Capacity: The maximum number of individuals that a given environment can support without detrimental effects
Biome: A major regional or global biotic community, such as a grassland or desert, characterized chiefly by the dominant forms of plant life and the prevailing climate.
Succession: The act or process of following in order or sequence.
Biodiversity: The variability among living organisms on the earth, including the variability within and between species and within and between ecosystems.
Invasive Species: Any species that has been introduced to an environment where it is not native, and that has since become a nuisance through rapid spread and increase in numbers, often to the detriment of native species.
Pollution: The act or process of polluting or the state of being polluted, especially the contamination of soil, water, or the atmosphere by the discharge of harmful substances
Monoculture: A single, homogeneous culture without diversity or dissension.
Pest: An injurious plant or animal, especially one harmful to humans.
Leaching: To remove soluble or other constituents from by the action of a percolating liquid.
Pesticide: A chemical used to kill pests, especially insects

Thermal Energy: Random kinetic energy possessed by objects in a material at finite temperature.
Photosynthesis: The process by which plants and other photoautotroph generate carbohydrates and oxygen from carbon dioxide, water, and light energy in chloroplasts
Producer: A producer is anything that can make its own food, like plants. Producers are usually the start of the food chain.
Cellular Respiration: The series of metabolic processes by which living cells produce energy through the oxidation of organic substances.
Consumer: animals or plants that cannot make their own food. They must eat or consume plants and animals for food
Ecological Niche: a term describing the relational position of a species or population in its ecosystem to each other
Food Chain: A succession of organisms in an ecological community that constitutes a continuation of food energy from one organism to another as each consumes a lower member and in turn is preyed upon by a higher member.
Trophic Level: A group of organisms that occupy the same position in a food chain.
Food Web: A complex of interrelated food chains in an ecological community
Ecological pyramid: A pyramid-shaped diagram representing quantitatively the numbers of organisms, energy relationships, and biomass of an ecosystem; numbers are high for the lowest trophic levels (plants) and low for the highest trophic level (carnivores).
Biomass: The total mass of living matter within a given unit of environmental area
Biogeochemical Cycle: The chemical interactions that exist between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere.
Water Cycle: The cycle of evaporation and condensation that controls the distribution of the earth’s water as it evaporates from bodies of water, condenses, precipitates, and returns to those bodies of water. Also called hydrologic cycle.
Carbon Cycle: The combined processes, including photosynthesis, decomposition, and respiration, by which carbon as a component of various compounds cycles between its major reservoirs-the atmosphere, oceans, and living organisms.
Nitrogen Cycle: A chain of thermonuclear reactions in which nitrogen isotopes are formed in intermediate stages and carbon acts essentially as a catalyst to convert four hydrogen atoms into one helium atom with the emission of two positrons. The entire sequence is thought to generate significant amounts of energy in the sun and certain other stars
Limiting Factors: The success of an organism is limited by the presence or absence of the factors necessary for survival. Often growth of a population is limited by an apparently minor factor in the environment, such as the presence of trace elements in the soil.
Tolerance Range: each ecosystems population’s ability to adjust to variations in its physical and chemical environment
Carrying Capacity: The maximum number of individuals that a given environment can support without detrimental effects
Biome: A major regional or global biotic community, such as a grassland or desert, characterized chiefly by the dominant forms of plant life and the prevailing climate.
Succession: The act or process of following in order or sequence.
Biodiversity: The variability among living organisms on the earth, including the variability within and between species and within and between ecosystems.
Invasive Species: Any species that has been introduced to an environment where it is not native, and that has since become a nuisance through rapid spread and increase in numbers, often to the detriment of native species.
Pollution: The act or process of polluting or the state of being polluted, especially the contamination of soil, water, or the atmosphere by the discharge of harmful substances
Monoculture: A single, homogeneous culture without diversity or dissension.
Pest: An injurious plant or animal, especially one harmful to humans.
Leaching: To remove soluble or other constituents from by the action of a percolating liquid.
Pesticide: A chemical used to kill pests, especially insects